Hrm Practice in Banking Sector Free Essays

string(76) of the investigation There is no uncertainty that the universe of work is quickly changing. [pic] Faculty of Business BBA Program A Thesis on Human Resource Management Practices in Banking Sector: On Southeast Bank Limited Submitted to Md. Ashraful Haq Chowdhury ASA University Bangladesh (ASAUB) Submitted By Mir Tasnuva Tanzin BBA (Major in HRM), Batch #2nd ID: 073-12-0137 Date of Submission August 20, 2011 Submission Report Dear Sir, With due regard I might want to educate you that I have effectively finished my Thesis Program from May 15, 2011 to August 15, 2011 at Southeast Bank Limited and directed the investigation on â€Å"Human Resource Management Practice in Banking Sector† A contextual investigation on Southeast Bank Ltd. Proposition Program fills in as an extension between the scholastic and the useful information. We will compose a custom article test on Hrm Practice in Banking Sector or on the other hand any comparative subject just for you Request Now I am a lot of blessed that I got the chance to work with some accomplished and dedicated experts. As suggested my work depends on the useful method of various work areas and various branches of the Bank. I attempted my best to invest careful energy for the planning of this report. Any deficiency or defect may emerge. I will invite any explanation and proposal with respect to this report. Truly Yours, Mir Tasnuva Tanzin ID 073-12-0137 Batch #2nd Student of BBA ASA University Bangladesh August 20, 2011 Md. Ashraful Haq Chowdhury ASA University Bangladesh. Reference : Letter of Transmittal Dear Sir, Here is the report that satisfies the fractional necessities of Thesis program, which is exceptionally useful for an understudy to know the exercises of an association. This sort of report additionally gives a significant rule to do investigate later on. Much thanks for your thoughtful oversight and participation without which I was unable to have the option to finish this report. I accept each open door to offer my thanks to you. Expressing gratitude toward you Mir Tasnuva Tanzin ID 073-12-0137 Batch #2nd Student of BBA ASA University Bangladesh Acknowledgment All recognitions go to Almighty Allah, the most tolerant, generally generous to man and his activity. I might want to offer my thanks to Mr. M. A Mohit the Deputy Managing Director (DMD) of Southeast Bank Ltd. for allowing a chance to deal with the point as understudy. I am significantly obligated to Mr. Md. Hamidul Islam Mia HOB of Dhanmondi Br. What's more, HRD of Southeast Bank Ltd. for giving phenomenal workplace and his full time help with setting up this report. I stretch out my gratitude to Mr. Saidul Islam, Mr. Reza, and Mr. Humayon of Southeast Bank Ltd. Dhanmondi Br. Who have their well hearted participation and important time in finishing this report I am likewise appreciative to all the workers of Southeast Bank Ltd. Of Dahnmondi Branch as they helped me out in clarifying the work practice and went with me through my exploration period. At last, my gratitude to ASA University (ASAUB) expert for earnest ooperation and all the employees whose coordinated exertion made me fit for leading this Thesis. Official Summery This report is a push to mirror a reasonable thought regarding the Bunker-Customers Relationship, procedures, exercises and execution of Southeast Bank Ltd. The scientist was alloted it in the Dhanmondi Branch of Southeast Bank Limited (SEBL) as an assistant. The sc ientist presents this report based on the information and experience picked up during the examination time frame. The exploration report is a fractional satisfaction of BBA program. In the report on HRM rehearses in banking segment: A contextual investigation on Southeast Bank Ltd. the general job of HR chiefs in a bank and how they assume their job is introduced. Human asset supervisors play out a recognizable arrangement of exercises that effect and impact the individuals who work in an association. These exercises incorporate HR arranging, work investigation, enrollment, choice, position, preparing and improvement, structuring execution evaluation and remuneration frameworks, and work connection Since, the HR division assumes a help job inside the association; it interfaces with an assortment of bodies electorate. Chapter by chapter list |Page# | |Prefatory parts | |Title Fly | |Title Page | |Later of Submission | |Acknowledgement | |Executive Summery | |Table of Content | |Report legitimate | |Chapter One-Introduction | |1. 1 Background of the investigation | |1. 2 Objective of the report | |1. Philosophy of the report | |1. 4 Scope of the report | |1. 5 Lim itation of the report | |Chapter Tow †Overview | |2. 1 Historical Background of Southeast Bank Ltd. | |2. 2 Special Features of the Bank | |2. Governing body | |2. 4 Management of the Bank | |2. 5 Capital Structure of the Bank | |2. 6 Deposits Status of the Bank | |2. 7 Profit and operational outcomes | |2. 8 Selection Process | |2. Crucial, and Objective of SEBL | |Chapter Three †Understanding the HRM | |3. 1 General Concept of HRM | |3. 2 Objectives of HRM | |3. 3 Basic Principles of HRM | |3. Approach of HRM | |3. 5 Philosophy of HRM | |3. 6 Standard Organ gram of HR Department in an enormous association | |3. 7 Responsibilities of HR Department in an enormous association | |Chapter Four †HR Planning Forecasting | |4. Idea of HR arranging estimating | |4. 2 Steps of HR arranging | |4. 3 HR arranging and the vital arranging process | |4. 4 Forecasting HR needs | |4. 5 Forecasting the Internal HR Supply | |4. Guaging the External HR Supply | |Chapter Five †Recru iting Selection | |5. 1 Concept of Recruiting Selection | |5. 2 The Recruiting and Selection Process | |5. 3 Job Analysis | |5. Employment Analysis Methods | |5. 5 Steps in work Analysis | |5. 6 A Comparative Discussion between Job Analysis, Job Description, Job Specification, and Job Evaluations. | |5. 7 Sources of hardware | |5. 6 Internal sources | |5. 7 External sources | |5. 8 Methods of enrollment | |5. Focal points impediments of inner enrollment | |5. 10 Advantage Disadvantage of outside enrolling | |Chapter Six †Training Development | |6. 1 Concept of Training Development | |6. 2 Need and significant of preparing | |6. Targets of Training | |6. 4 Guidelines and Framework to Design a Training and Development Plan | |6. 5 Training strategy | |Chapter Seven †Compensation Employee Benefits | |7. 1 Concept of Compensation Employee Benefits | |7. Parts of the pay framework | |7. 3 Wages versus Compensation | |7. 4 Establishing Pay rates | |7. 5 Importance of Job Evaluat ion | |7. 6 Types of Employee Benefits | |7. Workers Benefit Programs started by HRM | |7. 8. Representative Services | |7. 9 Incentive Plans | |Chapter Eight †Employee Relationship | |8. 1 The Meaning of Ethics | |8. 2 Organizational culture | |8. Worker Discipline and Privacy | |8. 4 Types of Disciplinary Actions | |8. 5 Disciplinary Proceeding | |8. 6 Disciplinary Appeals Processes | |8. 7 Disciplines without Punishment | |8. Overseeing Dismissals | |8. 9 Grounds for Dismissal | |Chapter Nine | |Conclusion | |Bibliography | Chapter 1 Introduction 1. 1 Background of the examination There is no uncertainty that the universe of work is quickly evolving. You read Hrm Practice in Banking Sector in class Paper models As a major aspect of an association at that point, HRM must be set up to manage the impacts of the changing universe of work. For them, this implies understanding the ramifications of globalization, innovation changes, workforce assorted variety, changing expertise necessities, persistent improvement activities, unforeseen workforce, decentralized work destinations and representative inclusion. We should look how this change is influencing HRM objectives and practices. The current test of HRM is to incorporate projects including HR with key hierarchical destinations. To an ever increasing extent, associations are feeling the squeeze around the world. HR directors must discover approaches to create powerful projects to address this difficulty. Another significant part of HRM is the need to guarantee cost adequacy of projects and strategies through the ideal use of HR. 1. 2 Objective of the report The expansive goal of the report is to co-ordinate study hall information with reasonable circumstance. Explicit goals of the report are: ? To satisfy the course necessity of MBA program; ? To gain commonsense information about HRM rehearses in banking sector’ ? To have viable introduction in banking condition that will help a ton of to comprehend the future work life; ? To break down HRM rehearses in Southeast Bank Limited with study hall (hypothetical) information; ? To suggest for development of existing HR strategy of Southeast Bank Limited. 1. 3 Methodology of the report Methodology incorporates direct perception, vis-à-vis conversation with individual official of the bank, investigation of records, booklets and so forth and down to earth work. In setting up this report, just optional information have been utilized. The necessary information have been gathered from following sources-? Workers administration book of the bank; ? Yearly report of the bank; ? Various distributions in regards to banking capacity; ? Reference books from library of Stamford University Bangladesh. 1. 4 Scope of the report This report covers just human asset rehearses is Southeast Bank Limited. It centers around outline of the bank including a similar report about standard hypothetical part of HRM and the current financial practices. The report likewise researches the impression of representatives of the bank toward worker advantages and advancement strategy. 1. 5 Limitation of the report notwithstanding hearted collaboration from the bank authorities, I confronted some constraint in readiness the report. The significant constraints are as per the following: Learning of by and large HRM rehearses in banking area inside only multi month

Antigone :: essays research papers

"Antigone" the play composed by Sophocles manages moral law versus common law. Lord Creon has censured Princess Antgione. Antgione conflicted with the king’s order and covered her sibling Ploynices. Antgione now will be rebuffed by starvation under King Creon’s order. Antigone is an enthusiastic, solid willed, and decided ladies. Antigone is an enthusiastic character in the play we consider this to be we learn of her as we see her put moral law above common law. A significant perfect in Ancient Greece was the conviction that the administration was to have no control in issues concerning strict convictions. In Antigone's eyes, Creon sold out that perfect by not permitting her to appropriately cover her sibling, Polynices. She accepted that the entombment was a strict function, and Creon didn't have the ability to deny Polynices that right. Antigone is prepared to resist Creons declare and do what she feels in her heart is correct we see this when she sa ys "Will you life up his body with these uncovered hands and lower it with me? ". Tossed out the play Antigone is solid willed. She doesn’t need Ismene to disclose the law to her. At the point when she asks Ismene to assist her with the internment of Ploynice, Ismene says no. When Ismene attempts to persuade Antigone to not resist Creons order Antigone advises her "I won’t demand no, regardless of whether you ought to have an adjustment in heart, I’d never welcome you in the work, not with me. Along these lines, do as you like, whatever suits you best-I’ll cover him myself.". Antigone isn't eager to surrender with out a battle and she isnt going to let anybody impede her. Antigone is one of the solid willed characters in this play. At the point when she is finished burring her sibling, after all the torment she has suffered she says "My respect just brands me for irreverence!". Antigone isn’t so rry despite the fact that by making the best choice she will be executed by starvation in a tomb. She is complying with the law of the divine beings rather then the law of Creon. Assumes control over makes the wisest decision ,that shows solid soul . Having a solid feeling of good law in Greek folklore will prompt a decent after life.

Four days of fun!

Four days of fun! Columbus Day weekend was a four day weekend. I got an embarrassingly small amount of work done, but a pretty large amount of good memories, so I thought I would share some of the things I did. Who says MIT students cant have fun? On Saturday, I met up with a friend of mine who recently graduated and is now working in the Cambridge area. We decided to take a little sightseeing tour around Boston! Our brainstorm list of things to see. Theres a lot to see in Boston; we only got to two of these! First, we headed over to the U.S.S. Constitution. The U.S.S. Constitution in Boston Harbor The Constitution, a.k.a. Old Ironsides, is a three-masted frigate that played an important role in the war of 1812. It was built in the 1790s in Boston’s North End, and to this day is still an active military vessel stationed in Boston Harbor (although its runs at this point are largely ceremonial). The view into Boston harbor from Old Ironsides After that, we followed the Freedom Trail over to the Bunker Hill Monument. I love this sign, which commemorates the fun fact that whoever named this battle christened it after the wrong hill. Climbing the Bunker Hill monument has been on my bucket list for a while. It’s 294 stairs to the top, up through a dark, steep spiral stairwell. But the view is well worth it. The view from the four sides of the Bunker hill monument   You cant really see us. But thats ok, the views prettier anyway :) We decided to take Hubways back into downtown. For those of you who don’t know, Hubway is Boston’s bike-sharing service. There are Hubway bike “stations” positioned throughout the city. You can unlock a bike by using a special key or a code from the app. After biking around for half an hour, you return it to any other Hubway station. After searching around a little bit for some open spots, we parked near Faneuil Hall and grabbed some clam chowder. We got pretty lost on the way back to campusâ€"turns out riding a bike and using the GPS on your phone at the same time is not an effective strategy! But that was a blessing in disguise, because biking around downtown Boston right at sunset showed me a view of the city I had never seen before. Everything was rosy pink, there was a gentle breeze blowing, and there was just a slight hint of a drizzle. We even caught a glimpse of a rainbow in the sky. By the time we made it over to the promenade, the series of paths and bike trails that runs along the opposite side of the Charles River from MIT, the sun was just dipping below the horizon, and you could see the streaks of orange reflecting in the mirrorlike pools of water along the river. I enjoyed the bike ride so much that that evening, I decided to buy my own Hubway pass! MIT subsidizes the price for students, so it was $35 for a yearlong pass, which is actually a pretty great deal. On Sunday, I had plans with my friend to do a grand tour de Boston. We had considered taking a day trip to Salem or even New York, but the planning did not happen, so we decided to instead take advantage of the sights right in our own city. This is my friend Yida! We were going to Hubway over to the Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, with its beautiful courtyard and free admission for MIT students. Unfortunately, it was raining Sunday morning, and even more unfortunately, we are both from Los Angeles and naively thought we would be fine biking across the bridge in a drizzle. By the time we got to the other side, we were both completely drenched. Ten minutes into our adventure, we were taking a pit stop at a ramen place on Newbury Street, and the museum would have to wait for another day. We ended up walking over to the Prudential Center (aka the Pru), a shopping center in Back Bay, where we discovered a place called Eataly. Eataly is an Italian-themed, super-gourmet food court/grocery store that sells everything good in life from fresh pasta to beautiful rustic bread to individually packed chocolates to unpronounceable variations of cheese to intricate hot chocolate beverages. After employing lots of self-restraint, we constrained ourselves to a loaf of bread and some hot chocolate. Potato-oregano bread from Eataly! By the time we finished our drinks, it was time to head over to the North End, Boston’s Italian neighborhood. The Columbus Day parade was going to start! Its a police officer clown (look at his doughnut handcuffs!) Look, its a mini-Constitution! One benefit of the rain was that Hanover Street was actually pretty empty, and we were able to meander around with a really good view of the parade. Look at the patriotic doggies! BY FAR the most entertaining participants in the parade were a group of men called the Aleppo Shriners (which is apparently some division of Freemasonry whose charity work involves providing free medical care for children). Basically, we watched several elderly gentlemen driving around in circles in miniature vehicles with commendable gusto. Yida and I were cracking up for a solid half an hour watching them go. After the parade finished, we ended up wandering around the North End a little bit. We found a milliners store and tried on some hats: I want all these hats We stopped by the Old North Church, next to which we discovered a tiny little historical shop. We watched a demonstration on how the colonists used to make chocolate, from a woman in full colonial costume. Back then, chocolate was a beverage, and a bitter, labor-intensive one! The machinery did not exist to make solid chocolate like we have now, and sugar was too expensive to be widely available. On the other side of the store, a man was demonstrating how to use a printing press, of the kind used to print and circulate the original Declaration of Independence in Massachusetts. After that full day, we grabbed some tea and headed home! Monday was my day to get work done. I got much less work done than I had hoped. Partly because I ended up taking a 2.5 hour nap. On Tuesday, I went apple picking! Me and friends in the hay ride! Every year, the dorms organize a trip to Honeypot orchards, where MIT students are set loose to gather the tastiest, freshest applies I have ever seen. My favorites (I’m not even sure what type they are) are the apples that are so dark on the tree they look like plums. When you pick them and shine them off, they turn a beautiful burnished ruby color. Mmmmmmm. After enjoying some cinnamon doughnuts and apple cider, we checked out the mini hedge maze. Yida is lost Why the mini hedge maze, you ask? Presumably because Honeypot is home to the biggest hedge maze in North America, and we had to get back to the busses by 1:00. We made it! Then we hopped into a truck to take a ride around the orchard. Look at how beautiful the orchard is. All in all, it was a really great weekend. Post Tagged #photography

Is High-Intensity Resistance Training Program Practical...

Article Review 1 It is generally accepted that an improved diet and participation in exercise is beneficial for the maintenance of type 2 diabetes. However, the type of exercise that is most beneficial, endurance or resistance has been rarely studied. This article seeks answers to whether or not a high-intensity resistance training program is practical for older patients with type 2 diabetes who were recently sedentary, and if the participation in high-intensity resistance training along with moderate weight loss, representing the experimental group, is comparable to flexibility exercise with moderate weight loss, representing the control group. The results sought include compliance, reduction in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), increases in muscular strength and lean body mass, and decreases in fat mass. There were 47 patients for this study, both men and women between the ages of 60 and 80 years, overweight, recently sedentary, nonsmokers, and had established type 2 diabetes without th e use of insulin. The subjects were separated between two groups by the type of exercise they would perform. Both were provided a healthy eating plan designed to provide a moderate weight loss of 0.25 kg/week for the course of the study. Adherence to the diet was assessed in biweekly interviews with the participants. Both groups visited the exercise lab 3 nonconsecutive days per week for 6 months. The control group exercise was designed to increase flexibility but not improve cardiovascularShow MoreRelatedNursing Essay41677 Words   |  167 Pagesengineers. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members, sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. 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Read MoreOverview of Hrm93778 Words   |  376 Pages(MGT501) VU MGT - 501 T his subject/course is designed to teach the basic principles of Human Resource Management (HRM) to diverse audience/students, including those who are studying this as a supporting subject for their bachelor degree program. This course is designed to provide you the foundations of HRM whether you intend to work in HRM or not, most of these elements will affect you at some point in your career. Either you will be working with some organizations or having people workingRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesStephen P. Robbins, Timothy A. Judge. — 15th ed. p. cm. Includes indexes. ISBN-13: 978-0-13-283487-2 ISBN-10: 0-13-283487-1 1. Organizational behavior. I. Judge, Tim. II. Title. 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Fast Food Is Right Or Not - 1476 Words

Why is it that we do not feel guilty after we finish eating a large combo from our local fast-food restaurant? How can someone possibly feel guilty after enjoying a great meal? This is the country that America is shifting into, where we set aside homemade meals for fast-food due to its ease and convenience for the whole family. Rather than being renowned for their strong military forces, America has been continually portrayed as the most obese country in the world. It sounds simple for Americans to put aside fast food, but the problem in America is that anyone with a small radius can find an alluring fast-food restaurant to eat at. Author, Michael Pollan, points out that, â€Å"Three of every five Americans are overweight; one of every five†¦show more content†¦Showing the transition that America is going into. The problem has become so crucial that nearly 3 in 5 Americans are bound to obese. If people really knew what they were consuming and not just to eat because of hung er. But pay attention to the details it would make a bigger difference. Pollan introduces â€Å"Fast Food†, which is nearly connected to corn. Most people do not understand that most of their food consists of corn; even with its vegetable status, people do not know what it is concentrated to. The Corn industry is big and known for the concertation of high-fructose corn syrup. (HFCS) Most Americans do not have an idea of what that is. Pollan writes, â€Å"To wash down your chicken nuggets with virtually any soft drink in the supermarket is to have some corn with your corn† (Pollan 19), which relates to the fact that every soft drink has HFCS yet also the simultaneous fact that the people that consume it are not aware of it. This is what Pollan is trying to get across in what people are consuming, but are not educated about the nutritional deficiencies in what they are eating. There have been, and will be arguments, about how much education is necessary, if not more, abo ut teaching people what they should and shouldn’t eat. The United States Government believes they have done what is necessary to showcase the importance of healthy food choices. In my experience, I was introduced to the food pyramid at a very young age, but I was young and Unable toShow MoreRelatedFast Food Is Bad For You1377 Words   |  6 PagesIt is not a secret that fast food is bad for you, however people believe that there is nothing wrong with eating fast food in moderation. It really comes down to ignorance being blissful. Our bodies are like vehicles. You want the best fuel for the car, but does fast food provide the right fuel for your body? The fast food industry gives that option to people, giving regular gas when gas-guzzler’s require premium fuel. 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Edna St. Vincent Millay - 950 Words

â€Å"[Women have loved before as I love now]†: Burdens and Foiled Expectations â€Å"Women have loved before as I love now/ At least, in lively chronicles of the past-† (lines 1-2). These opening lines seem to simultaneously show love as something old, trite, and exciting. In â€Å"[Women have loved before as I love now]†, Edna St. Vincent Millay describes the ancient love stories of the past and how she relates to them. She writes how she used to seek out the parts which focused on love, describing the love of past women as something passionate and strong. Millay also goes on to say that out of all the women alive, she feels that only she connects with the love of the past, and that only she truly feels love. â€Å"[Women have loved before as I love now]† shows that passionate love is a joyful burden that is shared by both sexes. When love is typically described, it is thought of as a joy, almost pure. Most people want to be in love. Millay, on the other hand, seems to represent passionate love as almost burdensome. When referring to the act of love itself, she describes the women she identifies with â€Å"bearing as I bear/love like a burning city in the breast† (lines 7-8). She also states â€Å"[I] Do suffer love† (line 11). The words here are all negative, in contrast to what the reader would expect. Yet, the narrator also seems to look upon this way of loving with longing. She seeks the stories of the past, â€Å"Hunt[ing] the amorous line† (line 6). This way of love is how she wants to feel, andShow MoreRelatedEssay about Edna St. Vincent Millay957 Words   |  4 PagesEdna St. Vincent Millay Her career that spanned three decades and her work that ranges from lyrics to verse play and political commentary. Edna St. Vincent Millay is mostly known for her earlier works, such as Renascence, Few Figs Thistles, and Second April. Millay wrote about things such as mystical views on the universe, god, death, celebration of feminism, and free love. Its almost as if she was a writer from today and with that, I believe that she would be comfortable with todaysRead MoreEdna St. Vincent Millay s Sonnet Iv1122 Words   |  5 PagesEdna St. Vincent Millay’s â€Å"Sonnet IV† is a sonnet spoken from the point of view of a woman who is permitting herself to remember an old lover over the duration of her cigarette. The poem is set up through the classical structure of a Petrarchan sonnet and shares the topic of a lost lover. The octave follows the course of the dream, which takes the form of smoke and shadows. The volta marks the end of the cigarette and the dream, but the speaker still continues her memories in the sestet to followRead MoreEdna St. Vincent Millay s Sonnet Iv1257 Words   |  6 PagesWord count: 289 Fugacious Relationships and Everlasting Memories in Edna St. Vincent Millay’s â€Å"Sonnet IV† Edna St. Vincent Millay’s â€Å"Sonnet IV† follows many of the conventions of the traditional Petrarchan sonnet. It follows the traditional rhyming scheme and octet, sestet structure. However it challenges the conventions of the typical subject of the Italian sonnet, unrequited love. In the octet at the beginning of the poem Millay uses images that give a sense of transience and in the ending sestetRead More What lips my lips have kissed by Edna St. Vincent Millay Essays685 Words   |  3 PagesWhat lips my lips have kissed by Edna St. Vincent Millay While reading What lips my lips have kissed by Edna St. Vincent Millay, I realized many things about myself. The first thing was that I, after thinking I would never be able to decipher one word of poetry, actually could. I also found that I was able to enjoy it. Another thing was that the narrator (whom I felt was a woman- no man could portray these feelings like a woman) and I had strikingly similar feelings. There happened to be manyRead MoreFree Verse Techniques Conveying Structure an Analysis of â€Å"Spring† by Edna St. Vincent Millay1512 Words   |  7 PagesFree Verse Techniques Conveying Structure An Analysis of â€Å"Spring† By Edna St. Vincent Millay Composed in free verse, the poem â€Å"Spring† by Edna St. Vincent Millay contains many poetic elements that create a feeling of structure throughout.   As free verse challenges the conventions of writing, so too, does St. Vincent Millay’s interpretation of Spring challenge societies conventional beliefs associated with the season. Millay uses various different poetic elements of writing as effective alternativesRead MoreEdna St. Vincent Millay847 Words   |  4 PagesEdna St. Vincent Millay (1923) used the form of a Petrarchan sonnet, also known as an Italian sonnet for her poem â€Å"What Lips My Lips Have Kissed, and Where, and Why.† The Petrarchan sonnet was a form of love poetry in the fourteenth century and is the most widely used amongst English poets. Petrarchan sonnets consist of an octave followed by a sestet and a volta, which is either located at the end of the octave or the beginning of the sestet and is used to change the point of view or emotion . Millay’sRead MoreLove Poetry By Edna St. Vincent Millay1927 Words   |  8 Pagesreviving these forms and making them more fresh and relevant. American poet Edna St. Vincent Millay can be seen to fit into this category. She is particularly well known for her sonnets. This essay will analyse one of Millay’s sonnets in to context of the evolution of courtly love poetry. The history of the sonnet will also be examined to demonstrate how Millay has faithfully refashioned her poems. However, whist Millay has kept the construction of sonnet pure she has differed in the message it portraysRead MoreLove Is Not All By Edna St. Vincent Millay1217 Words   |  5 PagesThe poem I have chosen to analyze is â€Å"Love is Not All† by Edna St. Vincent Millay. This poem is very different from the normal romanticized love poems that we see today. In this piece, the poet portrays love as secondary to our physical needs because it is unable to sustain us, everything necessary for human survival doesn’t require love. The main idea for the majority of this poem is that love is unimportant. â€Å"Love is Not All† is a sonnet, meaning it is composed of 14 lines. Its structureRead MoreReview Of The Spring And The Fall By Edna St. Vincent Millay1993 Words   |  8 PagesFall† by Edna St. Vincent Millay Edna St. Vincent Millay is one of the most famous poets in the early nineteenth century. She was knowns for being a spectacular American lyric poet whose personal life and verse burned meteorically through the imaginations of rebellious youth in her work during the 1920s (Poetry Foundation). Millay’s literatures consist of many unique mind set and language that brings the author and reader together, which procured the world’s attention. Many people know Millay throughRead MoreOn The Virgins, By Robert Herrick And Edna St. Vincent Millay1290 Words   |  6 PagesCarpe diem, should this idea be the sole focus of individuals in their even if it means that it will have negative impacts on their future? Poets Robert Herrick and Edna St. Vincent Millay answer this question through their own contrasting. In Herrick’s â€Å"To the Virgins, To Make Much of Time† the speaker argues that after an individual has past their youthful stage, their state of mind will gro w old and decrepit. As such should focus on â€Å"seizing the day† as much as possible. To emphasize his viewpoint

Custer free essay sample

# 8217 ; s Last Stand Essay, Research Paper Custer # 8217 ; s last base Five springs ago I, with many Sioux Indians, took down and packed up our tepee and moved from Cheyenne river to the Rosebud river, where we camped a few yearss ; so took down and packed up our Lodges and moved to the Little Bighorn river and pitched our Lodges with the big cantonment of Sioux. The Sioux were camped on the Little Bighorn river as follows: The Lodges of the Uncpapas were pitched highest up the river under a bluff. The Eastern sioux Lodges were pitched following. The Oglala # 8217 ; s Lodges were pitched following. The Brule Lodges were pitched following. The Minneconjou Lodges were pitched following. The Sans Arcs # 8217 ; Lodges were pitched following. The Blackfeet Lodges were pitched following. The Cheyenne Lodges were pitched following. A few Arikara Indians were among the Sioux ( being without Lodges of their ain ) . Two-Kettles, among the other Sioux ( without Lodges ) . I was a Sioux head in the council Lodge. My Lodge was pitched in the centre of the cantonment. The twenty-four hours of the onslaught I and four adult females were a short distance from the cantonment delving wild Brassica rapas. Suddenly one of the adult females attracted my attending to a cloud of dust lifting a short distance from cantonment. I shortly saw that the soldiers were bear downing the cantonment. To the cantonment I and the adult females ran. When I arrived a individual told me to travel rapidly to the council Lodge. The soldiers charged so rapidly we could non speak ( council ) . We came out of the council Lodge and talked in all waies. The Sioux saddle horse Equus caballuss, take guns, and travel fight the soldiers. Womans and kids mount Equus caballuss and travel, intending to acquire out of the manner. Among the soldiers was an officer who rode a Equus caballus with four white pess. [ This officer was obviously Capt. Gallic, Seventh Cavalry. ] The Sioux have for a long clip fought many brave work forces of different people, but the Sioux say this officer was the bravest adult male they had of all time fought. I don # 8217 ; t cognize whether this was Gen. Custer or non. Many of the Sioux work forces that I hear speaking tell me it was. I saw this officer in the battle many times, but did non see his organic structure. It has been told me that he was killed by a Santee Indian, who took his Equus caballus. This officer wore a large-brimmed chapeau and a deerskin coat. This officer saved the lives of many soldiers by turning his Equus caballus and covering the retreat. Sioux say this officer was the bravest adult male they of all time fought. I saw two officers looking likewise, both holding long xanthous hair. Before the onslaught the Sioux were camped on the Rosebud river. Sioux moved down a river running into the Little Bighorn river, crossed the Little Bighorn river, and camped on its west bank. This twenty-four hours [ twenty-four hours of onslaught ] a Sioux adult male started to travel to Red Cloud bureau, but when he had gone a short distance from cantonment he saw a cloud of dust rise and turned back and said he thought a herd of American bison was coming near the small town. The twenty-four hours was hot. In a short clip the soldiers charged the cantonment. [ This was Maj. Reno s battalion of the Seventh Cavalry. ] The soldiers came on the trail made by the Sioux cantonment in traveling, and crossed the Little Bighorn river above where the Sioux crossed, and attacked the Lodges of the Uncpapas, farthest up the river. The adult females and kids ran down the Small Bighorn river a short distance into a ravine. The soldiers set fire to the Lodges. All the Sioux now charged the soldiers and drove them in confusion across the Little Bighorn river, which was really rapid, and several soldiers were drowned in it. On a hill the soldiers stopped and the Sioux surrounded them. A Sioux adult male came and said that a differ ent party of Soldiers had all the adult females and kids captives. Like a whirlwind the word went around, and the Sioux all heard it and left the soldiers on the hill and went rapidly to salvage the adult females and kids. From the hill that the soldiers were on to the topographic point where the different soldiers [ by this term Red-Horse ever means the battalion instantly commanded by General Custer, his manner of differentiation being that they were a different organic structure from that first encountered ] were seen was flat land with the exclusion of a brook. Sioux thought the soldiers on the hill [ i.e. , Reno s battalion ] would bear down them in rear, but when they did non the Sioux thought the soldiers on the hill were out of cartridges. Equally shortly as we had killed all the different soldiers the Sioux all went back to kill the soldiers on the hill. All the Sioux watched around the hill on which were the soldiers until a Sioux adult male came and said many walking soldiers were coming nigh. The coming of the walking soldiers was the economy of the soldiers on the hill. Sioux can non contend the walking soldiers [ foot ] , being afraid of them, so the Sioux hastily left. The soldiers charged the Sioux cantonment about midday. The soldiers were divided, one party bear downing right into the cantonment. After driving these soldiers across the river, the Sioux charged the different soldiers [ i.e. , Custer s ] below, and drive them in confusion ; these soldiers became foolish, many throwing away their guns and raising their custodies, stating, â€Å"Sioux, commiseration us ; take us prisoners.† The Sioux did non take a individual soldier captive, but killed all of them ; none were left alive for even a few proceedingss. These different soldiers discharged their guns but small. I took a gun and two belts off two dead soldiers ; out of one belt two cartridges were gone, out of the other five. The Sioux took the guns and cartridges off the dead soldiers and went to the hill on which the soldiers were, surrounded and fought them with the guns and cartridges of the dead soldiers. Had the soldiers non divided I think they would hold killed many Sioux. The different soldiers [ i.e. , Custer s battalion ] that the Sioux killed made five courageous bases. Once the Sioux charged right in the thick of the different soldiers and scattered them all, contending among the soldiers manus to manus. One set of soldiers was in rear of the Sioux. When this set of soldiers charged, the Sioux fell back, and the Sioux and the soldiers stood confronting each other. Then all the Sioux became courageous and charged the soldiers. The Sioux went but a short distance before they separated and surrounded the soldiers. I could see the officers siting in forepart of the soldiers and hear them hiting. Now the Sioux had many killed. The soldiers killed 136 and wounded 160 Sioux. The Sioux killed all these different soldiers in the ravine. The soldiers charged the Sioux cantonment farthest up the river. A short clip after the different soldiers charged the small town below. While the different soldiers and Sioux were contending together the Sioux head said, â€Å"Sioux work forces, go watch soldi ers on the hill and forestall their fall ining the different soldiers.† The Sioux work forces took the vesture off the dead and appareled themselves in it. Among the soldiers were white work forces who were non soldiers. The Sioux dressed in the soldiers’ and white men’s vesture fought the soldiers on the hill. The Bankss of the Little Bighorn river were high, and the Sioux killed many of the soldiers while traversing. The soldiers on the hill dug up the land [ i.e. , made earth-works ] , and the soldiers and Sioux fought at long scope, sometimes the Sioux bear downing near up. The battle continued at long scope until a Sioux adult male saw the walking soldiers coming. When the walking soldiers came near the Sioux became afraid and ran off. Bibliography An Eyewitness Account by the Lakota Chief Red Horse recorded in pictographs and text at the Cheyenne River Reservation, 1881Bibliography Nancy Warren ferrel, encyclopaedia britannica

Huswifery Essays - Conceptions Of God, Patriology,

"Huswifery" Puritan language is the most striking in the doubleness of its appeal. It looks both ways: to radical voluntarism, yet to utter submission; to absolute authority, yet to limited authority, defined as duties more than powers and constrained by mutual obligation from God on down; to God the father, yet to God the mother; to the Word as strict law, yet to the Word as spiritual milk; to the self filled with filth as lustful pride, or anger, yet to the self reborn of the Father in infantile ecstasy or collectively married to Christ in virgin purity (Leverenz, 7). It is possible that all of these traits that Leverenz describes in Puritan language exist in this poem. However, those that are most obvious are the doubleness of God as both father and mother as well as the doubleness of radical voluntarism to utter submission. In portraying God as a spinster, one who will "[Taylor's] Distaff make for [him]" and "knit therein this Twine," Taylor is essentially offering his soul up to a patriarchal and authoritative God, one who will "clothe" his "ways with glory" and who will "make [Taylor] [His] Loom." This authoritative and omniscient God coincides with that which is easily interpreted as a father figure, one to which both the individual and the community submit in reverence. This figure represents the patriarchy so evident in Puritanism but it is also the existence of this patriarchy that Leverenz doubts. Though God is being employed in this poem as a dominator and a creator, God is also unavoidably portrayed as doing a woman's work or "huswifery". God is implicated as a maternal force as well, one which will nurture and make "[Taylor's] Soul [Her] holy Spool to be." In this respect, Leverenz is correct in assuming the "doubleness" of Puritan language - a language which cannot be solely patriarchal or emanating a paternal authority because of the maternal implications of God that exist alongside it. This doubleness is also made manifest by the fact that Taylor both supplicates to God but makes a demand from him as well. The language of the poem is strictly imperative, commanding God to "make [his] affections Thy Swift Flyers neat" and to "weave the Web [Him]self. The yarn is fine." It is almost as if the poet is designing that which God will weave - the glorified Taylor - and God is merely the employee. However, at the same time, Taylor still consistently objectifies himself to God, making the job imperative to Taylor's dressing himself in clothes suitable to the glory of God and representative of his submission to God. The language of this poem and the way in which Taylor makes use of both the commonly accepted Puritanical God who is paternal and authoritative and to whom the individual is automatically subordinated also explicitly portrays this second part of Leverenz' double nature of Puritan language - that which allows for a more maternal God as well as deviance from pure submission and reverence.

Religion and Sports

Religion and Sports In the world of sport, man has internalized the concept of supernatural intervention as the basis of success. This success is greatly attributed to intervention by a supernatural being that is believed to be the force behind every victory. In the world of sport; from football, athletics, to indoor events, many participants have displayed deep religious inclination and belief for their outstanding performance. Thus, this reflective treatise attempts to explicitly contextualize ideas and beliefs surrounding religion and its influence on success as claimed by athletes around the globe. Besides, these comments are categorized into themes attributing success to supernatural influence. Reflection on religion as influential in performance and achievement through intervention of a super natural power has existed since the beginning of the ancient world. Reflectively, the Greeks had special prayers to their gods during sporting events such as Olympic which was named after their outstanding at hletes.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Religion and Sports specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Man has always believed in existence of supernatural powers and has established religion to practice the art of worship of the supernatural being (Higgs, 1995). As a matter of fact, irrespective of religion, man has always believed in strong supernatural power to decide the fate during sporting event. Those who win are considered blessed by the supernatural being on their side. Across the globe, the main religions include Christianity, Islamic religion, Buddhism, and Judaism (Forney, 2011). Though these religious inclinations have variances in doctrinal beliefs and approaches to the supernatural force, they all acknowledge powers of the being as beyond human knowledge. In the famous interview of Jonathan Edward, a British jumper and Olympic champion, declined to participate in the World Championship in 1991 because the sport was held on his worship day on Sunday. Later, he confesses of strong belief in God who is the source of his success. Since this event was held on the special day of worship, he believed that participating in the same would jeopardize his faith. Thus, he decided to forfeit a gold medal he could easily win. Besides, the NFL quarterback’s Kurt Warner, advised a fellow team member to seek religious intervention by asserting that the Lord was with the team. Specifically, he points his finger to the sky after every score to appreciate the supreme power. Kurt argues that faith and religion is part of his career and that his team depends on God’s endorsement to flaunt. Interestingly, Warner’s belief worked noting that they won all the matches played during the next four seasons of his athletics career. Nathan Scheelhaase, Illinois quarterbacks, shares same sentiments with Kurt that religion is an identity concept as Tim Tebow. Besides, the former NBA Mutombo Dikembe an d MBL Jeff Kent displayed religious acts when justifying success.Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In fact, the former NBA Mutombo had to kneel down in the court before every match and his team to the powers of the supernatural being. In these circumstances, religion has been part and parcel of man’s success in sporting activities. As discovered in the above scenarios, it is apparent that religion is critical in man’s perception of success in sporting events. It helps man to strengthen bonds that exist between him and the supernatural being. In the current global arena, the same practice has been internalized by schools, collages, and other institutions across the larger America in support of the ‘religious doctrine’ and success of man theory. This theory opines that mankind has learnt to appreciate the intervention of the supernatural in t heir lives. Considering sociological perspective, this view supports the social role played by religion in promoting success and discipline in mankind. For instance, when a belief is aligned to norms, the state of anomy is likely to minimize as man appreciates the need to conform to religious clandestine of chosen faith. Moreover, when religion merges with human activities, the aspect of personalized and institutionalization of expected and actual behavior will ensure that contentious and self conflicting beliefs are dealt with as a social and not a personal problem. Since sports attracts a mammoth of fans, it has positively contributed to ‘religious doctrine’ and belief in intervention by a supernatural being. In the coming Olympic Games, it is interesting to appreciate the arrangements that have been made by organizers to ensure the venue is safe and respectful to participants of different religious inclinations. Besides, major religious groupings have been invited to be part of the organizing team. Conclusively, religion has played a critical role in presenting sports as a social event that nurtures discipline and submission to the powers of the supernatural being.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Religion and Sports specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Interestingly, these athletes have internalized the influence of religion and vital part played by supernatural power in their success (Arnold, 2011). As a matter of fact, Edward boycotted a major event since it clashes with day of worship. Besides, Kurt always kneels down in the field before each game and attributes his success to God. References Arnold, P. (2011). Religion and Sports., New York: University Readers. Forney, C. (2011). The Holy Trinity of American Sports: Civil Religion in Football, Baseball, and Basketball. Georgia: Mercer University Press. Higgs, R. (1995). God in the stadium: sports and religion in America. Lexing ton: University Press of Kentucky.

Delivery of Nursing Care Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Delivery of Nursing Care - Case Study Example The nurses in the intensive care unit have extensive roles and duties upon them that have to be performed with great precision and care. The management of the brain dead patient and his family is a very important part of the duty of intensive care unit nurses and extensive knowledge with regard to this subject is needed for the nurses to have expertise in this management. Accurate skills and knowledge are required by a nurse to assess a patient as being brain dead. The nurse should be able to effectively differentiate between brain death and cardiac death and should be able to explain to the family that brain death is a condition which cannot be reversed. She should also possess skills to counsel the family to allow for the organ donation of their patient. It is also the duty of the nurse to provide care to the patient so that his organs may be preserved for harvesting. The case of Joanne is also similar to who is a brain dead patient in the intensive care unit. Joanne has suffered f rom a ruptured berry aneurysm. A ruptured berry aneurysm is a common cause of hemorrhage in the brain and it is associated with a mortality rate of 50% (Yachnis and Rivera-Zengotita 2013). Her family is on their way and it is the nurse who has to manage the family upon the arrival. The nurse should inform the family regarding the situation of Joanne and provide support to the family. At the same time, the family should also be counseled for approval for organ donation. Pathophysiology of Berry Aneurysm A berry aneurysm is a point where a blood vessel in the Circle of Willis is weak and dilated. This weakness is mainly due to shortcomings in the proper formation of an artery, particularly at the points where they divide. The arteries at the weak points in the aneurysms only comprise of endothelium and an adventitia. The elastic lamina is not developed and the other muscular layers are also not structurally well-formed. A rise in the intravascular pressure at these points results in f urther dilatation which leads to rupturing of these aneurysms (Rubin and Reisner 2009).  

Reproductive System Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Reproductive System - Assignment Example Julia had been working as a computer engineer in an information technology firm and she described her job as â€Å"moderately successful†. She had never been pregnant in her life. Her menses had started at the age of 12 years and had been fairly normal regarding frequency, duration and bleeding. She had become sexually active at the age of 19 years and had variably used diaphragms, condoms and oral contraceptive pills for contraception. She weighed normal for her height, was a non smoker and occasionally consumed alcohol on social occasions. Apart from few episodes of urinary tract infection, last one 2 years back, her other medical and surgical history was remarkable. Ross was an architect and content in his professional and personal life. He had no significant medical, surgical or sexual history. He was physically very active and a non smoker. When they visited the infertility specialist, both of them were questioned regarding their medical and sexual history. They were educ ated regarding the physiology of reproduction and the possible causes of their infertility. Regarding the female reproductive system, description of the organs of reproduction in female and the steps of oogenesis and menstrual cycle was explained: Female reproductive system, oogenesis and menstrual cycle Organs involved in reproduction in a female are ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus and vagina internally and external genitalia and mammary glands externally. Ovaries are small glands located on the sides of uterus. Germ cells in the ovary are referred to as ooogonia. At nearly 8 weeks of gestation, oogonia become primary oocytes by entering prophase of first meiotic division andundergo further change only before ovulation. A layer of granulosa cells surround this oocyte to form a primordial follicle. Out of all of the follicles, one follicle becomes dominant 5-7 days after menses (Knobil & Neill 2006). Due to hormonal action, meiosis is resumed and expulsion of the egg and follicular fluid occurs. This expulsion is called ovulation. Uterus is the organ where implantation of a fertilised egg occurs. Fertilisation itself occurs in the fallopian tube which connects ovary to the uterus. Cyclic shedding of the internal lining of the uterus called endometrium occurs every 28-30 days in a process called menstruation. This cycle is regulated by a complex interaction of hormones produced by the hypothalamus, pituitary and ovaries (Look, Heggenhougen & Quah 2011). Menstrual cycle has two parts: follicular or proliferative phase; and luteal or secretory phase. Follicular recruitment is caused by FSH. Estrogen causes LH surge for ovulation. These steps take place during follicular phase which technically begins on the first day of menses and lasts for around 14 days (Carr & Wilson 1987). Figure 1. Female reproductive system (www.patients.co.uk 2012) Figure 2. Oogenesis and menstrual cycle (Carr & Wilson 1987) Corpus luteum remains after ovulation and is responsible for sec retory phase of the endometrium. If fertilisation does not take place, it degenerates after 10-14 days and this leads to shedding of the endometrial lining and bleeding (Knobil & Neill 2006). Thus, the couple were explained about oogenesis and menstrual cycle with the aid of above illustrations. Only when these hormonal and tissue changes occur in tandem, fertilisation can take place. Any hormonal or endocrine disorder such as that of hypothalamus, pit

Arguments for Restricting the Supply Chain to Europe

Arguments for Restricting the Supply Chain to Europe Preface This report describes project work carried out in the Faculty of Arts, Computing, Engineering and Science at Sheffield Hallam University between June 2009 and January 2010. The submission of the report is in accordance with the requirements for the award of the degree of MSc Logistics and Supply Chain management under the auspices of the University. ANALYSIS OF THE ARGUMENTS FOR RESTRICTING THE SUPPLY CHAIN TO EUROPE Abstract This dissertation briefly discusses about the supply chain issues faced and their impact with respect to global supply chain. Also discusses about the need for smarter supply chain. In the recent European Union policies and trading benefits, a study is done on why not to trade locally than internationally by utilizing a proper supply chain system. This report analysis will also discuss about the recent developments in supply chain management that have concentrated on the benefit of global supply chain. The project investigates the case for limiting the supply chain to organizations within European Commission. In particular it identifies when it is better to source locally rather than globally. ABBREVIATION BBC British Broadcasting Corporation CIBC Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce CIPS Chartered Institute of Purchasing and Supply CSCMP Council of Supply Chain Management Professional EC European Commission ECB European Central Bank EIA Energy Information Administration EMU Economic and Monetary Union EU European Union FDI Foreign Direct Investment GDP Gross Domestic Product GM General Motors GVA Gross Value Added ICT Information and Communication Technologies IMF International Monetary Fund JIT Just-In-Time NBER National Bureau of Economic Research PLC Product Life Cycle PSC Procurement Strategy Council Q3 Quarter 3 RFID Radio Frequency Identification RSCM Reverse Supply Chain Management SME Small and medium enterprises TEU Twenty-foot equivalent TPR Trade Policy Review UN United Nation WTI West Texas Intermediate WTO World Trade Organization CHAPTER 1: Introduction This chapter discusses about the general agenda of research involved. 1.1 gives an outline about the background of the research. Section 1.2 will state about the objectives of the research. Section 1.3 will state about the scope involved and section 1.4 will present a structure of the dissertation and some brief summary of each chapter. In this section the reader would gain a birds eye image on what the research is about. 1.1 Background of Research The supply chain for the future is not to wait and react as the traditional way but the attitude is â€Å"drive fast†. Because of the demands, new technologies and new capabilities the vision on supply chain needs to be a more monitored and a smarter supply chain is what the world is looking for. After globalization the world has become a single unified market and the needs for trading is effectively high with more collaboration strategy. Due to globalization the recession which started in United States in financial crisis 2007-2009, it had spread across the world because of the inter dependence in global economy which resulted in a major downturn. According to IMF (international Monetary Fund), an economic growth of less than 3% or less is considered to be as a global recession. The recession has hit almost every country across the globe and after experiencing the tough time each one of them wants to self sustain in their internal economy. Because of the outsourcing mostly the products across countries away from Europe, It has been become in a format that Europe have disabled in some fields for the future. Either we would be transferring our industries to make as foreign direct investment in other nations or we would be making products based on our requirements in their specialized fields which would be in more dependent criteria as which cant be produced in house. Manufacturing companies and the business nowadays is going down and they are forced to think for a new way to compete and to produce products in cost effective manner and more customer oriented. The survival had become an important issue for the industries along with competition. Now it has an impact on the unemployment as because of companies started to move their new units in other countries because of cheap labor and availability of resources. Which in turn is a huge lose for the country and for the future as it would be affecting the countries growth as a whole. There are number of other strategies that have made the companies to go for a change in supply chain to get rid of various issues they experienced in the past. The mobile industry such as Nokia produces mobiles with various advance technologies and manufacture across the globe. The theft in the technology and the innovations of it has lead the local Asian market for an availability a far cheaper mobile with all the technologies of Nokia in local brand names. This makes the original manufacturer a vulnerable market and looses the value for product. Similarly, the Hongqi HQD is the car model which was released by manufacturer of china which is as same as Rolls Royce Phantom model. In automobile sector, Daewoo Matiz verses Chery QQ, Vauxhall Frontera verses Landwind, Honda CRV verses Laibao SRV, Mercedes C verses Geely Merrie 300, Neoplan Starliner verses Zonda A9 (Bus Model), Smart verses er. Chinese Smart, Toyota Prado verses Dadi Shuttle, Nissan XTrail verses Greatwall Sing, BMW 7 ve rses BYD F6 are the very interesting copied models far across every company of the worlds luxurious cars been produced in China in a large scale industries with conveniently a lower price. The interesting news is all that these cars are not only look alike the same in appearance and aesthetic, but also the performance and quality records is being similar to the original ones. The international court which handles these cases results in vain for the car manufacturers as the design produced has some variation than the copyrighted original ones. It crosses from automobiles, electronics, computers, pharma industries, telecom industries, electrical items, aerospace etc. The original origin company loses a very high investment in research and development to produce a new product and the rate of return for them takes ages than the actual predicted period. Shutting down or transferring the production plant has also become a part for industries. For example, Vestas, a wind power manufacturin g unit had built a new wind turbine production plant in China due to the local market demand and thereby keeping business profitable. The purpose and motivation for me to study in this topic is because I had been studying the various reasons behind the problems that the companies faced during recession and hard to survive criteria with more problems leaving them to bankruptcy. Even the giant manufacturers in automobiles such as General motors, Ford etc, were one of the victims who were about to face the bankruptcy. The other reasons includes the design theft, information leakage, irresponsive supply chain strategy, poor visibility in supply chain, vendor management, gap between supplier and customer in 3Ts (time, Transparency, Trust) , degree of control, responsiveness (change in market demand), lead time issues, global CO2 emissions, etc are the other threatening factors what the Business face. Hence, I decided to come up with a further study and development of my knowledge on these areas and come out with a report regarding the various controls that management could be able to gain to trade within near shore to s urvive and what are the strategies can be adopted to restrict the supply chain within Europe. This study has basically two main elements which deal about the various past experiences faced by the companies in sourcing across supply chain as well as future supply chain needs and the benefits and positive factors that show a better scope in near future for European market. It deals with the various concepts of supply chain, relationship management strategy in sourcing, and some strategies followed by world class companies. I believe that this dissertation would be useful as a reference for sourcing companies in future as well. Student might gain some benefits from this dissertation as this helps students to further understand the theories and other concepts involved in supply chain that have been dealt while considering some real case examples. 1.2 Objective of Research The aims of this dissertation are basically: 1) To analyze the current and past strategies in supply chain issues 2) To analyze about the expectation for future supply chain 3) To analyze the about the advantages in trading within European Union 4) To analyze the impacts of recession on Europe and UK 5) To study the various techniques used by the world class companies to overcome the supply chain issues 1.3 Scope of Research The scope has been narrowed down to European market in this research. The area of research has been identified after a deep analysis on the literature review. The literature review gives a general idea and background about the various supply chain requirements about the past and for future. The study is discussing about history of the European Union and trading benefits. The comparisons of the advantages and the benefits that could be available in the Europe have also been discussed. The limitations are that it is a general idea about the various issues in supply chain and a theory behind supply chain. The scope environment is for the very big companies who has already started practicing near sourcing and for the medium size companies. It would not be a better option of trading for the small companies. 1.4 Structure of thesis Chapter 1: Introduction The background of this dissertation will be introduced in this chapter. The objectives of the research are stated. Scope of the project is identified and the structure of the thesis is presented. The reader can obtain an overview of the thesis from this chapter. Chapter 2: Supply chain and Issues in Supply chain All the relevant information and materials has been gain from journals, articles, news, magazines, reference books and internet will be summarized, concluded and organized in a systematic way in both chapter 2 and chapter 3. In this chapter, general information about supply chain and Issues in supply chain faced will be presented. About the supply chain, smart supply chain, traditional issues, credit crunch impact on supply chain, various issues faced by the current and past sourcing business faced are discussed. The contents has discussed about the past and the present scenario. Chapter 3: European Union benefits and sourcing strategies This chapter mainly concentrates on the EU benefits provided for its fellow country members and the various advantages it has for the near and long future. The discussion about the logistical issues, Impact of recession on EU has also been made. Reader can identify a general idea about the benefits of EU for the future in trading within Europe. Chapter 4: Methodology This chapter discusses about the research design and methodology employed in this research. This report would carry based on the study on articles, journals, up to date news and reference books. In the literature review part, all the relevant information is compiled based on the summary of reading of reference books, journals and articles. In the case study part, several case studies of strategies adopted by world class manufacturers to counter the recession will be discussed. The strategies included the manufacturing strategies and marketing strategies. Chapter 5: Case study and Discussion In this chapter, several strategies adopted by various world class manufacturers are presented and some discussion will be made. The discussion part includes the understanding and comparison of the literature review with the case studies towards the strategy. Chapter 6: Conclusion and Recommendation This chapter will summarize this whole dissertation and point out several vital of the research. Limitation in this research will be carried out and recommendation for future research would be made. Chapter 7: References All the sources for this dissertation will be arranged according to alphabetical order in this chapter. Readers can refer to the sources for further study. CHAPTER 2: Supply chain and Issues in supply chain This chapter discusses mainly is to present some literature review and theory from journals, conferences, magazines, text books and online news. As it is literature review all the latest information is quoted and are compiled from internet. Section 2.1 share with a general introduction on supply chain management and the traditional supply chain management worries. Section 2.2 addresses the smart supply chain and the expectations in the smart supply chain and need for it. Section 2.3 cope for global supply chain issues faced while recession and before. Section 2.4 handles the issues in supply chain faced. 2.1 Supply Chain Management As per CIPS the definition of Supply chain could be defined as â€Å"The supply chain conceptually covers the entire physical process from obtaining the raw materials through all process steps until the finished product reaches the end consumer. Most supply chains consist of many separate companies, each linked by virtue of their part in satisfying the specific need of the end consumer.† Supply chain management may be thought of as the management of all activities aimed at satisfying the end consumer; as such it covers almost all activity within the organization. It has been suggested that it incorporates a number of key success factors which include a clear procurement strategy, effective control systems, and development of expertise. Supply chain management therefore represents and reflects a holistic approach to the operation of the organization. As per Stevens.J (1989), supply chain could be defined as a system whose constituent parts include material suppliers, production facilities, distribution services and customers linked together via the feed forward flow of materials and the feedback flow of information. Supply chain management is the oversight of materials, information and finances as they move in a process from supplier to manufacturer to wholesaler to retailer to consumer. Supply chain management involves coordinating and integrating these flows both within and among companies. The efficient supply chain management system is the one which concentrates in reducing inventory. The flow in supply chain is divided in to three main streams: the product flow, the information flow, the finances flow. 2.2.1 Traditional Supply chain issues Supply chain is not a very new term in business and management. Since the day from which trading begun in the world, supply chain has been a part of the business. The overcoming of the current issues and risks involved has become a part of supply chain management challenges. The four level supply chain issues stand in upstream from market place via the retailer, downstream flow activity, distribution and warehouse to factory and material flow in the form of products. There are more driving forces in a supply chain based on the industry because of the value adding operations involved. Based on (Towill, D.R., 1992), the light of information available the issues what a supply chain would get struck are perceived demand for products, which may be just a forecast from sales department, a production or value added process, information on the current performance, disturbance owing to machine / equipment or breakdowns, decision points, where the information is brought into action, transmission lags, decision rules, which is taken based on various internal decisions made in company for changing stock levels, placing new orders, etc. The basic problem in supply chain is the demand forecasting. The operations in the supply chain gets complicated by the demand forecast (Forrester, J.W. (1961)), The smaller the lead time has also a very important and critical role to play in determining the stability of supply chain (Inger et al.), especially as Companies move into just-in-time (JIT) operations. In practice JIT pushes the effects of unpredictability upstream in the supply chain (Mallman, D. (1995)). Apart from the lead time cycle time involved plays a very critical role. In a discussion of Dr. Carlos Mena, from Cranfield University, explains the longer distance movement is the more the cycle time involved in the supply chain. Where the problems faced by the companies include the degree of control, lead time issues, additional inventory, and most importantly the cash tied up in a single place for a very long time which could be used by the companies for various other investments and the fluctuating interest rates acr oss the companies for its money value is an interesting issue to concentrate. Other problems also include the responsiveness of the market that involved in the cycle time and delays or because of the excessive cycle time makes a very big problem and leads to trade off. The other issues faced in the traditional supply chain as per the report by S.Mehra on International journal of production research(Aug 2005), are the strategy involved in procurement as competition on product and price, driving inventory out of supply chain, complicated Communication towards supplier making complex Supplier relationships, higher customer expectations and higher variability in demand, Contract complication leading to huge loss of business, bad Anticipation in supply chain, bringing more suppliers and going for new products are getting more complicated, achieving the entire supply chain visibility and responsibility of suppliers and customers towards the requirements, Responding quickly and critical understanding on the business on contribution on revenue and Real time information sharing. 2.2.2 Smart Supply Chain The smart supply chain is the answer what the companies are expecting for because of the issues in supply chain faced by them and the need to go for a permanent solution. They have become used to supply chains day to day challenge because of the repeating issues. The smarter supply chain is nothing but monitoring the entire supply chain design with more focus on transparency in entire chain with more interconnected in network and relatively a good level of collaboration with supplier and customer. The following are some of the components of the smart supply chain and some discussion on its advantages have been cited. Supply chain reengineering: Supply chain problems are acute with long lead time replenishment and maintaining a believable and tolerable customer service in product availability. The supply chain reengineering is the key process of identifying and designating specific tasks to the staff by making a complete involvement of staff with a two way communication in terms of openness from management. It is atomizing the cost and time over improving the customer experience. Modifying the bad practices by identifying from the experience is a fundamental thing. Reducing cost is only key term in order to maintain and grow with margins in the current scenario. Considering the facts from the customer perspective and designing towards the source of the goods. It is done by gathering data, drawing the process map ideally starting from the customer point of view defining the problem statement, specific goal and measurable objective. A structured decision making system should be made based on prioritizing the resources and cost based on the fine target specified in the problem statement. These will give an idea of the actions to eliminate or to restructure the process for obtaining more efficient organizational structures. Challenges in current thinking give a more insight into the problem and which gives a prioritized list of alternatives to face the challenges. Planning state of identify ing the causes and preventive actions should be analyzed to restructure the design or process model recommending the risk considerations. . The hardest part of reengineering is not process redesigning it but to implement it. It involves change in culture and behavior not assistance. Active tracking is needed and degree of seriousness only defines a success or failure scenario in redesigning. As per the case study done by Littlewoods chain stores, the initiatives taken on reengineering includes a strong focus on customer management, redesign of the entire supply chain network from suppliers to stores in replacing the distribution chains and cross docking â€Å"flow through†, rebalancing the supplier base from far east to local procurement for quicker lead time and quick response, making a strong partnership with suppliers, evaluation of transportation costs by rationalizing the practices to single carried containers, reassessment of physical handling patterns, new design for better tracking and managing both product volumes and financial implications providing a scope to accelerate product flow in a more informed and cost effective way, an organizational aligned way and focus on the entire supply chain of improving the total performance and customer needs. Supply chain E-Procurement As a major part of supply chain management (Leenders and Fearon, 1997; Monczka et al., 1997), supply chains in procurement are traditionally supported by information technology. The main idea of e-procurement is to include the end-user (requester) in the procurement process via an electronic multi-vendor catalog and to close the process gaps (e.g. re-entry of data) in the supply chain for indirect goods (Neef, 2001). According to Dolmetsch et al., (2000), e-procurement deals with the management of supply chains in the procurement of indirect goods are based on Internet information systems and also e-markets. The e-procurement reduces the operational functions, with increased efficiencies regarding the process and procurement costs. (Aberdeen Group, 2001); According to these studies,(Eyholzer and Hunziker, 2000; Arthur Andersen Business Consulting, 2001). e-procurement enables companies to decentralize operational procurement processes and centralize strategic procurement processes as a result of the higher supply chain transparency provided by e-procurement systems. The use of technologies like Internet in procurement is concentrated mainly in realizing the needs and to react faster and in more efficient operational procurement processes which bypass the purchasing department and enable those people to concentrate on more strategic tasks (Giunipero and Sawchuk, 2000;). In e-procurement, end users could directly search for and select products in electronic catalogs which are authorized and negotiated by strategic procurement in advance example- E-bay, Amazon etc. The issues are really a challenge in identifying the right e-procurement strategy which is crucial to the success by selecting the right commodity of a companys solution. A second strategy is one which uses outwardly hosting catalogs on a suppliers website is also could be called the punch out mechanism. The punch out scenario helps customers to access external catalogs via their own e-procurement system (Kalakota and Robinson, 2001). A third strategy would be the use of external multi-vendor product catalogs that are hosted on electronic marketplaces. Similarly, implementing an e-procurement system in isolation without considering the entire procurement process and the systems involved will not be sufficient (Deise et al., 2000). Technological approach With todays emphasis on the need for improvements on cost cutting and streamlining expenses, many companies are looking out for improving their bottom lines with more effective supply chains. Technology implementation is a key term which could be used in supply chain to relate and improve the supply chain beneficiaries. By understanding the process clearly involved in supply chain processes makes supplier collaboration on a whole leading a better job in avoiding risks and much lesser repetition of mistakes. Usage of technologies like RFID, simulation, better communication software etc, leading to an advantaged scenario in understanding and maintaining supply chain visibility, online tracking, traffic management, warehouse management, reporting and analysis, order management and labor management. In the Supply chain digest 2007, the various supply chain technologies and strategies that could be implemented in supply chain are cited. E-auctions for bidding contract, Labor management system in distribution a collaboration of software, engineering and mindset to improve the logistics productivity Spend management visibility software used to calculate the spending of company, when, where and with what vendors providing the expensive vendor management Demand management by utilizing the use of technological tools, integrating the demand and sales side of the company by unifying the financial and operations plan. The consistent feedback on a regular basis brings about a structural demand. Supplier portals providing a demand visibility from purchase order to advance ship notice and generating an inbound shipment management by providing barcodes, RFID or other automated tracking technologies. Network optimization supporting global sourcing strategies, more short time inventory planning, new product introductions, sales and operations planning could be optimally balanced. Transportation management system software technologies used by shippers to calculate, plan and execute connection electronically with carriers by reducing costs optimal mode of transport selection, carrier assignment, consolidation of shipment and use of continuous moves in freight. Strategic / Global sourcing More integrated approach towards supplier selection and procurement considering the facts of time, cost, purchasing power by considering the strategies tied to off shoring and global sourcing strategies. Wireless in warehouse usage of wireless technologies inside the warehousing leads to a clear picture of the stock / inventory available and helps in calculating the cost involved in storage and money as inventory. As well as picking in warehouse should be automated where possible, so more visibility is available. Yard management system and Dock door scheduling It gives a visibility in yard inventory and schedules, executes on inbound and outbound docks. Reverse Supply Chain management (RSCM) The Council of Logistics Management defined reverse supply chain as the process of planning, implementing and controlling the efficient, cost effective flow of raw materials, in-process inventory, finished goods and related information from the point of consumption to the point of origin for the purpose of recapturing value or proper disposal. RSCM is defined as the effective and efficient management of the series of activities required to retrieve a product from a customer in order to either dispose of it or recover value (Prahinski and KocabasoÄÅ ¸lu , 2006; Defee et al., 2009). Fleischmann et al., (2000) base the growing importance of RSCM basically on agreements for excess products and extended producer responsibilities. As per Harvard Business review 2002, In general, the companies that create what so called as a closed-loop system, have enjoyed most success with RSCM by having a close coordination in their forward supply chain. For example, they make product design and manufacturing decisions with eventual recycling and reconditioning in mind. The definition of reverse logistics from an environmental perspective in the forward supply chain is focus on taking return of recyclable or reusable products and materials. Reverse logistics, flow of materials from the customer to forward supply chain, is the least studied operational function (Sarkis, 2003). 2.3 Global supply chain issues Oil pricing The growth in oil price will always lead to a substantial slow down in international trade because of the transportation dependency on oil market. According to the report of EIA (Energy Information Administration) (2007) the 96% of the US transportation works on the fuels, 43% of the industries runs on the fuels, 21% of the residential homes and commercials and 3% of the electric power works with the help of the fuels. This means that the US economy is related to each other and this made an impact in all areas due to the increase in oil price. In the June 2008 the price of WTI reached the maximum and that was 145 US dollars per barrel the all time highest price which US market has seen. So this made the price for the gasoline high in July 2008 to 4.10$. Based on a CIBC report 2008, the trade price increases by 1 % in every increase in 1$ for a barrel. Because of the increase in oil price directly affects the wages to decline and increased product cost. The increase in oil prices lead s to elimination of importers and need to go for local suppliers. The analysis of rising oil prices would impact profitability as well as the core supply chain design. The impact for a supply chain design would lead to tradeoffs among transportation, inventory, and distribution and in all sections of supply chain. By Dr Bassam Fattouh (2007), the volatility of oil prices had lead to a challenge for the supply chain and could slow down economic growth, also can cause inflation pressures, can Create global imbalances, Volatility increases uncertainty discourages much needed investment in oil sector, tight market conditions raised fears about oil scarcity and concerns about energy security. Collaboration The measurement of supply chain collaboration has received a little attention to date (Sanders and Premus, 2005: Jap, 1999: Injazz and Paulraj, 2004). At about that time, an ongoing discussion emerged that supply chain management should be built around the integration of trading partners (Barratt and Oliveira, 2001), the sharing of information and benefits (McLaren, 2004) and the collaboration of organizations (Patrakosol and Olson, 2006). Collaborative Planning is a first step on the road to Extended Supply Chain Management with specific customers It has a seamless fit with PSC (Procurement Strategy Council) strategy and as such is an excellent opportunity to create Customer Intimacy Through follow up implementations, we can created the chances to start gaining the first Business Benefits. Economist Intelligence unit (2006) says that the cooperation of the government and UN to designate the standards are one of the key issues faced by the SMEs. Manufacturers are more concerned about the interoperability than the responds overall. A majority of survey results cites that trust in payment would be certain as a major factor that assists the companies to integrate their operations with global supply chain. In a report of ECOlogistics (2007) explains the communication gap in between the supplier and customer leads to problems in scalable issues regarding quality. The collaboration missing of the government regarding with the trading sector leads to complication in global supply network. Variation in theme of a support by the market incentives, and networks of local, social, political and moral enforcement leading to missing in regulatory systems. There â€Å"glocal† needs to be implemented, which means the global standards in the local market, Which in turn produces cost effective system with improved standards. Public Private Partnerships in Standards Compliance Arguments for Restricting the Supply Chain to Europe Arguments for Restricting the Supply Chain to Europe Preface This report describes project work carried out in the Faculty of Arts, Computing, Engineering and Science at Sheffield Hallam University between June 2009 and January 2010. The submission of the report is in accordance with the requirements for the award of the degree of MSc Logistics and Supply Chain management under the auspices of the University. ANALYSIS OF THE ARGUMENTS FOR RESTRICTING THE SUPPLY CHAIN TO EUROPE Abstract This dissertation briefly discusses about the supply chain issues faced and their impact with respect to global supply chain. Also discusses about the need for smarter supply chain. In the recent European Union policies and trading benefits, a study is done on why not to trade locally than internationally by utilizing a proper supply chain system. This report analysis will also discuss about the recent developments in supply chain management that have concentrated on the benefit of global supply chain. The project investigates the case for limiting the supply chain to organizations within European Commission. In particular it identifies when it is better to source locally rather than globally. ABBREVIATION BBC British Broadcasting Corporation CIBC Canadian Imperial Bank of Commerce CIPS Chartered Institute of Purchasing and Supply CSCMP Council of Supply Chain Management Professional EC European Commission ECB European Central Bank EIA Energy Information Administration EMU Economic and Monetary Union EU European Union FDI Foreign Direct Investment GDP Gross Domestic Product GM General Motors GVA Gross Value Added ICT Information and Communication Technologies IMF International Monetary Fund JIT Just-In-Time NBER National Bureau of Economic Research PLC Product Life Cycle PSC Procurement Strategy Council Q3 Quarter 3 RFID Radio Frequency Identification RSCM Reverse Supply Chain Management SME Small and medium enterprises TEU Twenty-foot equivalent TPR Trade Policy Review UN United Nation WTI West Texas Intermediate WTO World Trade Organization CHAPTER 1: Introduction This chapter discusses about the general agenda of research involved. 1.1 gives an outline about the background of the research. Section 1.2 will state about the objectives of the research. Section 1.3 will state about the scope involved and section 1.4 will present a structure of the dissertation and some brief summary of each chapter. In this section the reader would gain a birds eye image on what the research is about. 1.1 Background of Research The supply chain for the future is not to wait and react as the traditional way but the attitude is â€Å"drive fast†. Because of the demands, new technologies and new capabilities the vision on supply chain needs to be a more monitored and a smarter supply chain is what the world is looking for. After globalization the world has become a single unified market and the needs for trading is effectively high with more collaboration strategy. Due to globalization the recession which started in United States in financial crisis 2007-2009, it had spread across the world because of the inter dependence in global economy which resulted in a major downturn. According to IMF (international Monetary Fund), an economic growth of less than 3% or less is considered to be as a global recession. The recession has hit almost every country across the globe and after experiencing the tough time each one of them wants to self sustain in their internal economy. Because of the outsourcing mostly the products across countries away from Europe, It has been become in a format that Europe have disabled in some fields for the future. Either we would be transferring our industries to make as foreign direct investment in other nations or we would be making products based on our requirements in their specialized fields which would be in more dependent criteria as which cant be produced in house. Manufacturing companies and the business nowadays is going down and they are forced to think for a new way to compete and to produce products in cost effective manner and more customer oriented. The survival had become an important issue for the industries along with competition. Now it has an impact on the unemployment as because of companies started to move their new units in other countries because of cheap labor and availability of resources. Which in turn is a huge lose for the country and for the future as it would be affecting the countries growth as a whole. There are number of other strategies that have made the companies to go for a change in supply chain to get rid of various issues they experienced in the past. The mobile industry such as Nokia produces mobiles with various advance technologies and manufacture across the globe. The theft in the technology and the innovations of it has lead the local Asian market for an availability a far cheaper mobile with all the technologies of Nokia in local brand names. This makes the original manufacturer a vulnerable market and looses the value for product. Similarly, the Hongqi HQD is the car model which was released by manufacturer of china which is as same as Rolls Royce Phantom model. In automobile sector, Daewoo Matiz verses Chery QQ, Vauxhall Frontera verses Landwind, Honda CRV verses Laibao SRV, Mercedes C verses Geely Merrie 300, Neoplan Starliner verses Zonda A9 (Bus Model), Smart verses er. Chinese Smart, Toyota Prado verses Dadi Shuttle, Nissan XTrail verses Greatwall Sing, BMW 7 ve rses BYD F6 are the very interesting copied models far across every company of the worlds luxurious cars been produced in China in a large scale industries with conveniently a lower price. The interesting news is all that these cars are not only look alike the same in appearance and aesthetic, but also the performance and quality records is being similar to the original ones. The international court which handles these cases results in vain for the car manufacturers as the design produced has some variation than the copyrighted original ones. It crosses from automobiles, electronics, computers, pharma industries, telecom industries, electrical items, aerospace etc. The original origin company loses a very high investment in research and development to produce a new product and the rate of return for them takes ages than the actual predicted period. Shutting down or transferring the production plant has also become a part for industries. For example, Vestas, a wind power manufacturin g unit had built a new wind turbine production plant in China due to the local market demand and thereby keeping business profitable. The purpose and motivation for me to study in this topic is because I had been studying the various reasons behind the problems that the companies faced during recession and hard to survive criteria with more problems leaving them to bankruptcy. Even the giant manufacturers in automobiles such as General motors, Ford etc, were one of the victims who were about to face the bankruptcy. The other reasons includes the design theft, information leakage, irresponsive supply chain strategy, poor visibility in supply chain, vendor management, gap between supplier and customer in 3Ts (time, Transparency, Trust) , degree of control, responsiveness (change in market demand), lead time issues, global CO2 emissions, etc are the other threatening factors what the Business face. Hence, I decided to come up with a further study and development of my knowledge on these areas and come out with a report regarding the various controls that management could be able to gain to trade within near shore to s urvive and what are the strategies can be adopted to restrict the supply chain within Europe. This study has basically two main elements which deal about the various past experiences faced by the companies in sourcing across supply chain as well as future supply chain needs and the benefits and positive factors that show a better scope in near future for European market. It deals with the various concepts of supply chain, relationship management strategy in sourcing, and some strategies followed by world class companies. I believe that this dissertation would be useful as a reference for sourcing companies in future as well. Student might gain some benefits from this dissertation as this helps students to further understand the theories and other concepts involved in supply chain that have been dealt while considering some real case examples. 1.2 Objective of Research The aims of this dissertation are basically: 1) To analyze the current and past strategies in supply chain issues 2) To analyze about the expectation for future supply chain 3) To analyze the about the advantages in trading within European Union 4) To analyze the impacts of recession on Europe and UK 5) To study the various techniques used by the world class companies to overcome the supply chain issues 1.3 Scope of Research The scope has been narrowed down to European market in this research. The area of research has been identified after a deep analysis on the literature review. The literature review gives a general idea and background about the various supply chain requirements about the past and for future. The study is discussing about history of the European Union and trading benefits. The comparisons of the advantages and the benefits that could be available in the Europe have also been discussed. The limitations are that it is a general idea about the various issues in supply chain and a theory behind supply chain. The scope environment is for the very big companies who has already started practicing near sourcing and for the medium size companies. It would not be a better option of trading for the small companies. 1.4 Structure of thesis Chapter 1: Introduction The background of this dissertation will be introduced in this chapter. The objectives of the research are stated. Scope of the project is identified and the structure of the thesis is presented. The reader can obtain an overview of the thesis from this chapter. Chapter 2: Supply chain and Issues in Supply chain All the relevant information and materials has been gain from journals, articles, news, magazines, reference books and internet will be summarized, concluded and organized in a systematic way in both chapter 2 and chapter 3. In this chapter, general information about supply chain and Issues in supply chain faced will be presented. About the supply chain, smart supply chain, traditional issues, credit crunch impact on supply chain, various issues faced by the current and past sourcing business faced are discussed. The contents has discussed about the past and the present scenario. Chapter 3: European Union benefits and sourcing strategies This chapter mainly concentrates on the EU benefits provided for its fellow country members and the various advantages it has for the near and long future. The discussion about the logistical issues, Impact of recession on EU has also been made. Reader can identify a general idea about the benefits of EU for the future in trading within Europe. Chapter 4: Methodology This chapter discusses about the research design and methodology employed in this research. This report would carry based on the study on articles, journals, up to date news and reference books. In the literature review part, all the relevant information is compiled based on the summary of reading of reference books, journals and articles. In the case study part, several case studies of strategies adopted by world class manufacturers to counter the recession will be discussed. The strategies included the manufacturing strategies and marketing strategies. Chapter 5: Case study and Discussion In this chapter, several strategies adopted by various world class manufacturers are presented and some discussion will be made. The discussion part includes the understanding and comparison of the literature review with the case studies towards the strategy. Chapter 6: Conclusion and Recommendation This chapter will summarize this whole dissertation and point out several vital of the research. Limitation in this research will be carried out and recommendation for future research would be made. Chapter 7: References All the sources for this dissertation will be arranged according to alphabetical order in this chapter. Readers can refer to the sources for further study. CHAPTER 2: Supply chain and Issues in supply chain This chapter discusses mainly is to present some literature review and theory from journals, conferences, magazines, text books and online news. As it is literature review all the latest information is quoted and are compiled from internet. Section 2.1 share with a general introduction on supply chain management and the traditional supply chain management worries. Section 2.2 addresses the smart supply chain and the expectations in the smart supply chain and need for it. Section 2.3 cope for global supply chain issues faced while recession and before. Section 2.4 handles the issues in supply chain faced. 2.1 Supply Chain Management As per CIPS the definition of Supply chain could be defined as â€Å"The supply chain conceptually covers the entire physical process from obtaining the raw materials through all process steps until the finished product reaches the end consumer. Most supply chains consist of many separate companies, each linked by virtue of their part in satisfying the specific need of the end consumer.† Supply chain management may be thought of as the management of all activities aimed at satisfying the end consumer; as such it covers almost all activity within the organization. It has been suggested that it incorporates a number of key success factors which include a clear procurement strategy, effective control systems, and development of expertise. Supply chain management therefore represents and reflects a holistic approach to the operation of the organization. As per Stevens.J (1989), supply chain could be defined as a system whose constituent parts include material suppliers, production facilities, distribution services and customers linked together via the feed forward flow of materials and the feedback flow of information. Supply chain management is the oversight of materials, information and finances as they move in a process from supplier to manufacturer to wholesaler to retailer to consumer. Supply chain management involves coordinating and integrating these flows both within and among companies. The efficient supply chain management system is the one which concentrates in reducing inventory. The flow in supply chain is divided in to three main streams: the product flow, the information flow, the finances flow. 2.2.1 Traditional Supply chain issues Supply chain is not a very new term in business and management. Since the day from which trading begun in the world, supply chain has been a part of the business. The overcoming of the current issues and risks involved has become a part of supply chain management challenges. The four level supply chain issues stand in upstream from market place via the retailer, downstream flow activity, distribution and warehouse to factory and material flow in the form of products. There are more driving forces in a supply chain based on the industry because of the value adding operations involved. Based on (Towill, D.R., 1992), the light of information available the issues what a supply chain would get struck are perceived demand for products, which may be just a forecast from sales department, a production or value added process, information on the current performance, disturbance owing to machine / equipment or breakdowns, decision points, where the information is brought into action, transmission lags, decision rules, which is taken based on various internal decisions made in company for changing stock levels, placing new orders, etc. The basic problem in supply chain is the demand forecasting. The operations in the supply chain gets complicated by the demand forecast (Forrester, J.W. (1961)), The smaller the lead time has also a very important and critical role to play in determining the stability of supply chain (Inger et al.), especially as Companies move into just-in-time (JIT) operations. In practice JIT pushes the effects of unpredictability upstream in the supply chain (Mallman, D. (1995)). Apart from the lead time cycle time involved plays a very critical role. In a discussion of Dr. Carlos Mena, from Cranfield University, explains the longer distance movement is the more the cycle time involved in the supply chain. Where the problems faced by the companies include the degree of control, lead time issues, additional inventory, and most importantly the cash tied up in a single place for a very long time which could be used by the companies for various other investments and the fluctuating interest rates acr oss the companies for its money value is an interesting issue to concentrate. Other problems also include the responsiveness of the market that involved in the cycle time and delays or because of the excessive cycle time makes a very big problem and leads to trade off. The other issues faced in the traditional supply chain as per the report by S.Mehra on International journal of production research(Aug 2005), are the strategy involved in procurement as competition on product and price, driving inventory out of supply chain, complicated Communication towards supplier making complex Supplier relationships, higher customer expectations and higher variability in demand, Contract complication leading to huge loss of business, bad Anticipation in supply chain, bringing more suppliers and going for new products are getting more complicated, achieving the entire supply chain visibility and responsibility of suppliers and customers towards the requirements, Responding quickly and critical understanding on the business on contribution on revenue and Real time information sharing. 2.2.2 Smart Supply Chain The smart supply chain is the answer what the companies are expecting for because of the issues in supply chain faced by them and the need to go for a permanent solution. They have become used to supply chains day to day challenge because of the repeating issues. The smarter supply chain is nothing but monitoring the entire supply chain design with more focus on transparency in entire chain with more interconnected in network and relatively a good level of collaboration with supplier and customer. The following are some of the components of the smart supply chain and some discussion on its advantages have been cited. Supply chain reengineering: Supply chain problems are acute with long lead time replenishment and maintaining a believable and tolerable customer service in product availability. The supply chain reengineering is the key process of identifying and designating specific tasks to the staff by making a complete involvement of staff with a two way communication in terms of openness from management. It is atomizing the cost and time over improving the customer experience. Modifying the bad practices by identifying from the experience is a fundamental thing. Reducing cost is only key term in order to maintain and grow with margins in the current scenario. Considering the facts from the customer perspective and designing towards the source of the goods. It is done by gathering data, drawing the process map ideally starting from the customer point of view defining the problem statement, specific goal and measurable objective. A structured decision making system should be made based on prioritizing the resources and cost based on the fine target specified in the problem statement. These will give an idea of the actions to eliminate or to restructure the process for obtaining more efficient organizational structures. Challenges in current thinking give a more insight into the problem and which gives a prioritized list of alternatives to face the challenges. Planning state of identify ing the causes and preventive actions should be analyzed to restructure the design or process model recommending the risk considerations. . The hardest part of reengineering is not process redesigning it but to implement it. It involves change in culture and behavior not assistance. Active tracking is needed and degree of seriousness only defines a success or failure scenario in redesigning. As per the case study done by Littlewoods chain stores, the initiatives taken on reengineering includes a strong focus on customer management, redesign of the entire supply chain network from suppliers to stores in replacing the distribution chains and cross docking â€Å"flow through†, rebalancing the supplier base from far east to local procurement for quicker lead time and quick response, making a strong partnership with suppliers, evaluation of transportation costs by rationalizing the practices to single carried containers, reassessment of physical handling patterns, new design for better tracking and managing both product volumes and financial implications providing a scope to accelerate product flow in a more informed and cost effective way, an organizational aligned way and focus on the entire supply chain of improving the total performance and customer needs. Supply chain E-Procurement As a major part of supply chain management (Leenders and Fearon, 1997; Monczka et al., 1997), supply chains in procurement are traditionally supported by information technology. The main idea of e-procurement is to include the end-user (requester) in the procurement process via an electronic multi-vendor catalog and to close the process gaps (e.g. re-entry of data) in the supply chain for indirect goods (Neef, 2001). According to Dolmetsch et al., (2000), e-procurement deals with the management of supply chains in the procurement of indirect goods are based on Internet information systems and also e-markets. The e-procurement reduces the operational functions, with increased efficiencies regarding the process and procurement costs. (Aberdeen Group, 2001); According to these studies,(Eyholzer and Hunziker, 2000; Arthur Andersen Business Consulting, 2001). e-procurement enables companies to decentralize operational procurement processes and centralize strategic procurement processes as a result of the higher supply chain transparency provided by e-procurement systems. The use of technologies like Internet in procurement is concentrated mainly in realizing the needs and to react faster and in more efficient operational procurement processes which bypass the purchasing department and enable those people to concentrate on more strategic tasks (Giunipero and Sawchuk, 2000;). In e-procurement, end users could directly search for and select products in electronic catalogs which are authorized and negotiated by strategic procurement in advance example- E-bay, Amazon etc. The issues are really a challenge in identifying the right e-procurement strategy which is crucial to the success by selecting the right commodity of a companys solution. A second strategy is one which uses outwardly hosting catalogs on a suppliers website is also could be called the punch out mechanism. The punch out scenario helps customers to access external catalogs via their own e-procurement system (Kalakota and Robinson, 2001). A third strategy would be the use of external multi-vendor product catalogs that are hosted on electronic marketplaces. Similarly, implementing an e-procurement system in isolation without considering the entire procurement process and the systems involved will not be sufficient (Deise et al., 2000). Technological approach With todays emphasis on the need for improvements on cost cutting and streamlining expenses, many companies are looking out for improving their bottom lines with more effective supply chains. Technology implementation is a key term which could be used in supply chain to relate and improve the supply chain beneficiaries. By understanding the process clearly involved in supply chain processes makes supplier collaboration on a whole leading a better job in avoiding risks and much lesser repetition of mistakes. Usage of technologies like RFID, simulation, better communication software etc, leading to an advantaged scenario in understanding and maintaining supply chain visibility, online tracking, traffic management, warehouse management, reporting and analysis, order management and labor management. In the Supply chain digest 2007, the various supply chain technologies and strategies that could be implemented in supply chain are cited. E-auctions for bidding contract, Labor management system in distribution a collaboration of software, engineering and mindset to improve the logistics productivity Spend management visibility software used to calculate the spending of company, when, where and with what vendors providing the expensive vendor management Demand management by utilizing the use of technological tools, integrating the demand and sales side of the company by unifying the financial and operations plan. The consistent feedback on a regular basis brings about a structural demand. Supplier portals providing a demand visibility from purchase order to advance ship notice and generating an inbound shipment management by providing barcodes, RFID or other automated tracking technologies. Network optimization supporting global sourcing strategies, more short time inventory planning, new product introductions, sales and operations planning could be optimally balanced. Transportation management system software technologies used by shippers to calculate, plan and execute connection electronically with carriers by reducing costs optimal mode of transport selection, carrier assignment, consolidation of shipment and use of continuous moves in freight. Strategic / Global sourcing More integrated approach towards supplier selection and procurement considering the facts of time, cost, purchasing power by considering the strategies tied to off shoring and global sourcing strategies. Wireless in warehouse usage of wireless technologies inside the warehousing leads to a clear picture of the stock / inventory available and helps in calculating the cost involved in storage and money as inventory. As well as picking in warehouse should be automated where possible, so more visibility is available. Yard management system and Dock door scheduling It gives a visibility in yard inventory and schedules, executes on inbound and outbound docks. Reverse Supply Chain management (RSCM) The Council of Logistics Management defined reverse supply chain as the process of planning, implementing and controlling the efficient, cost effective flow of raw materials, in-process inventory, finished goods and related information from the point of consumption to the point of origin for the purpose of recapturing value or proper disposal. RSCM is defined as the effective and efficient management of the series of activities required to retrieve a product from a customer in order to either dispose of it or recover value (Prahinski and KocabasoÄÅ ¸lu , 2006; Defee et al., 2009). Fleischmann et al., (2000) base the growing importance of RSCM basically on agreements for excess products and extended producer responsibilities. As per Harvard Business review 2002, In general, the companies that create what so called as a closed-loop system, have enjoyed most success with RSCM by having a close coordination in their forward supply chain. For example, they make product design and manufacturing decisions with eventual recycling and reconditioning in mind. The definition of reverse logistics from an environmental perspective in the forward supply chain is focus on taking return of recyclable or reusable products and materials. Reverse logistics, flow of materials from the customer to forward supply chain, is the least studied operational function (Sarkis, 2003). 2.3 Global supply chain issues Oil pricing The growth in oil price will always lead to a substantial slow down in international trade because of the transportation dependency on oil market. According to the report of EIA (Energy Information Administration) (2007) the 96% of the US transportation works on the fuels, 43% of the industries runs on the fuels, 21% of the residential homes and commercials and 3% of the electric power works with the help of the fuels. This means that the US economy is related to each other and this made an impact in all areas due to the increase in oil price. In the June 2008 the price of WTI reached the maximum and that was 145 US dollars per barrel the all time highest price which US market has seen. So this made the price for the gasoline high in July 2008 to 4.10$. Based on a CIBC report 2008, the trade price increases by 1 % in every increase in 1$ for a barrel. Because of the increase in oil price directly affects the wages to decline and increased product cost. The increase in oil prices lead s to elimination of importers and need to go for local suppliers. The analysis of rising oil prices would impact profitability as well as the core supply chain design. The impact for a supply chain design would lead to tradeoffs among transportation, inventory, and distribution and in all sections of supply chain. By Dr Bassam Fattouh (2007), the volatility of oil prices had lead to a challenge for the supply chain and could slow down economic growth, also can cause inflation pressures, can Create global imbalances, Volatility increases uncertainty discourages much needed investment in oil sector, tight market conditions raised fears about oil scarcity and concerns about energy security. Collaboration The measurement of supply chain collaboration has received a little attention to date (Sanders and Premus, 2005: Jap, 1999: Injazz and Paulraj, 2004). At about that time, an ongoing discussion emerged that supply chain management should be built around the integration of trading partners (Barratt and Oliveira, 2001), the sharing of information and benefits (McLaren, 2004) and the collaboration of organizations (Patrakosol and Olson, 2006). Collaborative Planning is a first step on the road to Extended Supply Chain Management with specific customers It has a seamless fit with PSC (Procurement Strategy Council) strategy and as such is an excellent opportunity to create Customer Intimacy Through follow up implementations, we can created the chances to start gaining the first Business Benefits. Economist Intelligence unit (2006) says that the cooperation of the government and UN to designate the standards are one of the key issues faced by the SMEs. Manufacturers are more concerned about the interoperability than the responds overall. A majority of survey results cites that trust in payment would be certain as a major factor that assists the companies to integrate their operations with global supply chain. In a report of ECOlogistics (2007) explains the communication gap in between the supplier and customer leads to problems in scalable issues regarding quality. The collaboration missing of the government regarding with the trading sector leads to complication in global supply network. Variation in theme of a support by the market incentives, and networks of local, social, political and moral enforcement leading to missing in regulatory systems. There â€Å"glocal† needs to be implemented, which means the global standards in the local market, Which in turn produces cost effective system with improved standards. Public Private Partnerships in Standards Compliance